نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال هجدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

Middle age is one of the periods of human development and during this period, women experience identity changes in the field of perception and relationship with themselves, others and the universe. Recognizing these changes is necessary for more and better understanding of middle-aged women. Hence the present paper aimed at a qualitative study on the role of identity transition in relation to oneself, others and the environment of middle-aged women in Tehran. The present research method is qualitative and phenomenological. Thirteen participants were selected through purposeful sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and interviews were continued until data saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data from phenomenological interviews. Findings on the role of middle-aged women's identity transition in relation to oneself includes the main themes of intrapersonal relationship, attitude to retirement, perception of middle age and attitude to self-identity. Relationship with others includes the main theme of improving relationship methods and relationship with the environment with the main themes of change in the value system, aging and death, the review of the past, the attitude towards the future and the relationship with nature were classified. Given the role of Identity transition in relation to oneself, others and the environment, counselors can benefit from the findings of this study while counselling with middle-aged women. The findings indicate the impact of the identity transition of middle-aged women in improving their relationship with others during this period and their relationship changes towards themselves and the environment around them.

The main purpose of this study is the typology of women’s savings and its outcomes among women in Tehran. The methodological approach of this article is qualitative. Data is collected through interviews according to the objectives of the research. In this study, 39 female participants were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through content analysis method. The results of this study show that the types of women’s savings include reverse saving, underspending, gradual consumption/consumption management, gradual saving, consumption deferral, conversion of savings into capital, and targeted investments. They spend this savings on getting what they do not have/meeting essential and future needs, more access to amenities, recreational needs in order to improve living conditions, providing for their children’s future and family well-being, emotional purchases, family support, lending to relatives, large purchases resulting in a gradual increase in family wealth, and, ultimately, children’s education. Also, factors affecting women’s tendency to save include gaining decision-making power and the power to stand on their own, feeling the need to improve their position in the family and community, gaining social prestige, feeling the need for power and standing on their own, motivation for progress, feeling the need for (financial) independence, feeling the need for respect and approval and a sense of security. The outcomes of saving are the expansion of participation in the family and community, gaining a position in family decision-making, gaining social prestige, increased self-confidence, women’s financial independence, satisfaction with life/feeling of happiness, psychological security, family progress and well-being, expanding relationships and social interaction, problem solving and family crisis management, and, finally, rational planning and increasing the culture of saving.

Achieving sustainable rural development is not possible without the targeted participation of various groups of people, including women. But the marginalization of women in society and their lack of use of facilities and opportunities compared to men intensifies their sense of insecurity in society. Providing the ground for the feeling of security of rural women to improve the quality of their social activities is essential and its realization depends on recognizing the state of women's sense of security and the factors affecting it. The present study is applied purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection is the library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study is the households of West Kharqan District located in Avaj County, which was determined as the sample size using Cochran's formula of 182 people. Structural equation modeling (SEM) in the form of LISREL software was used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that most of the components of feeling safe in the study area are below the desired level (number 3) and in other words, women living in the area do not feel comfortable. Also, the most important factors influencing the sense of security of women in the study area are social factors with a coefficient of 0.99, cultural factors with a coefficient of 0.82, and economic factors with a coefficient of 0.81.

In recent years, development has been emphasized from another perspective using a knowledge-based approach. This kind of view requires the creation of growth centers and technology parks in different areas. The main purpose of establishing technology parks is to promote science and technology in the region, and Sistan and Baluchestan Science and Technology Park is no exception to this rule. With the establishment of the Science and Technology Park, the province intends to increase the quality of its industrial and production sectors with the help of its human resources. The present study, with the aim of the role of science and technology parks in creating jobs for rural women, has tried to examine the importance and role of Sistan and Baluchestan Science and Technology Park in this regard. In order to collect data, snowball interviews with experts and technicians have been used. The population of this research includes officials, managers and experts in the field of science and technology of Sistan and Baluchestan province who are working in the science and technology park and the growth unit of this park. In this regard, 20 officials in the relevant field were interviewed. The results show the positive impact of technology on employment, education, turning ideas into business, self-esteem and self-efficacy of rural women. In addition to the positive effects, a number of individual, knowledge-skills, socio-cultural, managerial, legal-legal barriers to the employment of rural women were identified. Active participation of women, reform of community attitudes and development of government support were suggested.

Natural disasters do not affect on an involved population equally. female-headed households are one of the most vulnerable social groups in critical situations. The way women deal with critical situations is highly related to cultural backgrounds, power mechanisms and gender-related issues.On the other hand, women's "agency" is also important in this encounter. The present article describes the lived experience of female-headed households from earthquakes with the aim of providing a theoretical model of the "women's empowerment process in crisis". This research is of qualitative type with "Granded Theory" method and interpretive-constructivist paradigm. Field data were collected by theoretical sampling and in-depth interviews with 15 women heads of households in eight earthquake-stricken areas of Kermanshah, including Salas Babajani, Sarpol-e-Zahab and etc.,up to theoretical saturation. Finally, the data were coded and analyzed with 363 concepts, 20 major categories and the core category of "intensification of disabled social foundations". The phenomenon of "Ability poverty and the threat of opportunities" caused by the value systems and repressive ideologies that govern women, the weakness of crisis management, the region deprivation and lack of knowledge that led to strategies of resilience and active action, compromise and so on .Helplessness , the challenge of power, the threat and insecurity, the feeling of abandonment, the physical and psychological damage, and the challenge of children are the consequences of the phenomenon.(The paradigmatic model of theory is presented) The results show that the process of "empowering"of female-headed households in disasters depends on conditions such as opportunities to be accessible through supportive structures, and barriers and deterrents are not so threatening and powerful as to prevent opportunities and lead to deprivation. Women should also consider themselves "agency".

The purpose of this sequential exploratory mixed method research of the type of classification is a formulation of a practical model for development of empowering mothers in Iranian society. In this regard, the qualitative purpose of the research is to explore the framework of applied components in the development of empowered mothers and the quantitative purpose of the research is to validate the developed framework, to measure its usefulness and feasibility. Research method in qualitative part, case study and potential research participants included experts and faculty members as well as sample women in Fars province. The sample mothers and 5 women from the sample city with managerial tenure were selected. The method of collecting qualitative data was in-depth interview and study of documents related to the research subject. The content analysis method was used to develop a practical model for developing empowering mothers in Iranian society. Based on the findings of the qualitative part of the research, the model of empowering mothers in Iranian society was explored in 5 themes of organizing personal knowledge, environmental knowledge, personal attitude, environmental attitude, personal skill and environmental skill and 57 basic themes. Based on the findings of the first part of the study, a scale was designed for use in the quantitative section. In the quantitative section, the validity of the framework was measured by the descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consisted of faculty members specializing in psychology, educational sciences, sociology and law, which were selected through purposeful sampling approach and key informants were selected and distributed among them. The framework was validated using Lisrel 8.8 and Spss 21 software and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the model was valid, useful and applicable.

Alienation is the product of the modern world, which began to expand as a result of changes in the division of labor, the process of production and the expropriation in the world, which resulted in the fragmentation of the individual's relationship with himself and surrounding world, also destroying the human essence. Accordingly, the women affected by this issue, as a result of inequality and gender discrimination policies, deprivation due to the expropriation, instrumental look and commodification in the media have been strongly affected. The purpose of this research is to explore and interpret the women's experience of "self-alienation and strategies to get rid of It" using the grounded theory method. Purposive sampling was used for data collection and finally, 20 women have been selected for in depth interviews in Mashhad. Data were analyzed through the three coding process. The results of the study show that: obedience of domination, Theatrical character and other causal categories that have been interpreted in the text, have exacerbated the self -alienation for women. These conditions along with the weakening the power of will and authority, have reduced their opportunity to experience, self-knowledge and talents. Therefore, to get rid of this enclosed world, women have offered various strategies, the most important of which is improving the level of awareness and knowledge of women about themselves and the world around them so that they can continue to renew their essence and build their social world with freedom and awareness.